Within just eleven months of the interim government, Bangladesh's foreign currency reserves have gone up from less than US$20 billion in 2024 to over $31 billion by June, 2025, indicating that the country is now going well through an economic recovery phase.

During this period, the record inflow of remittances into the country's national reserves is substantially contributing to the stability of institutions, easing of the liquidity crisis, and to some other activities.

Economists and experts observed that the record inflow of remittances has been an important bellwether of Bangladesh's economic recovery.

According to the Bangladesh Bank (BB) latest data, the country's gross reserves have risen to $31.72 billion by July 2, 2025.

However, as per the International Monetary Fund (IMF) methodology under the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6), Bangladesh's net reserves currently stand at $26.67 billion.

The surge came after a significant increase in remittance inflows, which reached $30.33 billion in the outgoing fiscal year 2024-25 (FY25), marking the highest amount ever received in a single fiscal year in the country's history.

This figure reflects a 26.80 percent increase compared to the $23.91 billion received in the previous fiscal year (FY24).

This surpasses the earlier record of $24.77 billion received in FY 2020-21 during the Covid-19 pandemic, when remittances spiked due to restrictions on informal hundi channels and the introduction of incentive bonds.

A record $3.29 billion in remittances came through the banking channel in March 2025, the highest in a single month in the country's history. 

In continuation of this, more than $2 billion remittances have arrived in the country each month of the last fiscal year (FY25).

Talking to BSS, a senior official of the central bank said that the reserves are rising due to the declining trend in money laundering, with a good flow of expatriate income and high growth in exports.

"Almost eleven months ago, the Interim Government came to power, promising to bring changes across the board. A number of policy measures have been taken to reform the national economy, organizations, administration, and thus establishing a strong system of fostering public spirit," he said.

He added the dollar exchange rate has remained stable at around Tk 122 for a long time which is also a positive aspect.

"The main reason for the decline in the dollar price is the increase in supply. The supply of dollars is now at its best over the last two years," he noted.

The Bangladesh Bank official said several factors contributed to the sudden surge of remittances in Bangladesh.

"While the government took a range of initiatives to tackle price manipulation under the capital market, defying the norm, surging exports reaching a staggering amount of $48 billion which has also contributed to this rise," he mentioned.

He said the non-residents or the Bangladeshi expatriates also felt motivated to send remittances legally through the banking channel.

Renowned economist Dr Zahid Hussain said the surge in remittances has played a crucial role in replenishing the reserves, providing much-needed relief to the economy.

"Due to the dollar crisis, Bangladesh economy faced a lot of problems. It was difficult to open letter of credit (LC) for banks. Now everything is gradually becoming normal," he added.

After taking office, Dr Zahid, also the former lead economist of the World Bank Dhaka office, mentioned that the interim government started to restore regulations in the banking sector, supported the distressed institutions from falling further and took initiatives to bring back
the laundered money from abroad.

The government has advanced a lot in freeing the banking sector from the clutch of a business conglomerate, he said.

"We're going towards a more or less stable condition, but I won't say the crisis is over," he added.

Deputy Managing Director (DMD) of the Premier Bank PLC Abdul Quaium Chowdhury said since August, 2024, remittances have consistently increased, providing the interim government a respite amid the rapid depletion of foreign exchange reserves.

This has evolved as a critical economic relief for a nation that is currently suffering from macroeconomic strains, he added.

Companies and organisations will be required to file tax returns on the income generated by employee welfare funds from the current fiscal year and pay a 27.5 percent tax on the earnings. 

The Income Tax Act 2023 incorporates the provision, lifting the tax exemption and amnesty on the compulsion to file returns for funds such as provident funds, gratuity funds and workers' profit participation funds maintained by the private sector.

The law, however, has exempted government-managed provident funds from taxation, raising questions.

TIM Nurul Kabir, executive director of the Foreign Investors' Chamber of Commerce & Industry, said there were many other avenues to collect tax.

"Employees benefit from provident funds after their retirement. So, the authority should not slap taxes on retirement benefit."

He said while levying the tax, the government has not treated provident funds of the private and public sectors equally.

"It is discriminatory," he said, adding that they would appeal to the tax authority for the withdrawal of the tax on income from provident funds.

Debabrata Roy Chowdhury, director for legal, regulatory and corporate affairs at Nestlé Bangladesh PLC, said the introduction of income tax on trust funds would lower the overall income from such schemes.

"This will have an adverse long-term impact on retired employees of private organisations."

Chowdhury urged the authority to address the issue in line with the spirit of the government's initiatives aimed at ensuring social security for private sector employees.

"The recent introduction of the universal pension scheme for private sector employees is a good example of that."

A senior official of the NBR, on condition of anonymity, said the income of government-managed provident funds was exempted in line with the Provident Fund Act 1925.

He said provident funds under the private sector had been historically exempted and there was no requirement to submit tax returns. As a result, it was unclear whether the funds were properly utilised.

"From now onwards, we will see proper disclosure."

The tax official said the contribution of payroll tax is about 3 percent of the total income tax although it should increase as the economy is growing.

Md Shahadat Hossain, a former president of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh, said income from investment in savings certificates, where people invest as a source of future earnings, is already taxed.

"From that perspective, the imposition of tax on provident and other employee welfare funds seems okay."

However, Towfiqul Islam Khan, senior research fellow at the Centre for Policy Dialogue, said social protection for private sector employees was low.

"Provident and other workers' welfare-related funds provide little social protection. The imposition of tax will increase inequality. But there can't be any discrimination in taxation between private and government provident funds."

Khan, citing the latest income tax law that replaced the Income Tax Ordinance 1984, said the NBR tried to find new avenues to increase tax collection and improve the nation's revenue-gross domestic product ratio, which is one of the lowest in the world.

"We can see the desperation of the tax authority to boost collection. This ultimately reveals the inability of the NBR to catch the tax evaders and illicit money makers."